The Mediating and Moderating Role of Digital Leadership on Qualitative Job Insecurity of Employees from The Perspective of the Technology Acceptance Model
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63556/jotags.2026.1927Anahtar Kelimeler:
Qualitative job insecurity- Digital leadership- Technology- the TAMÖz
This research identifies qualitative job insecurity (QLJI) as a significant source of stress in hospitality businesses and suggests that it can negatively impact employees. QLJI can negatively affect employees' technology adoption. Furthermore, Digital Leadership (DL) is a leadership approach that can mitigate the negative impact of QLJI on employees' technology adoption. This research makes a unique contribution to the literature from three perspectives: Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), QLJI, and DL. The literature analysis reveals a gap in research evaluating consumer opinions on the subject using TAM factors. This research needs to evaluate TAM with additional factors and examine employee perspectives. The second contribution of the research concerns the QLJI literature. Most studies in the tourism sector have evaluated quantitative job insecurity (QNJI). QLJI has not been sufficiently researched. The research emphasizes the importance of digital leadership and digitalization in achieving success in digital transformation. Further investigation into the impact of DL on business processes is recommended. This study employed a rigorous research process, reaching 391 employees in 25 five-star accommodation facilities. The findings reveal that QLJI negatively impacts employees' perceptions of technology acceptance. Contrary to our expectations, DL did not have a moderating or mediating effect on the relationship between QLJI and technology usage behavior.
Referanslar
Abbas, M., Malik, M., Sarwat, N. (2021). Consequences of job insecurity for hospitality workers amid COVID-19 pandemic: does social support help? J. Hosp. Mark. Manag. 30 (8), 957–981.
Akgündüz, Y., Şanlı, S.C. (2017). The effect of employee advocacy and perceived organizational support on job embeddedness and turnover intention in hotels. J. Hosp. Tour. Manag. 31, 118–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.12.002.
Akgündüz, Y., Türksoy, S.S., Nisari, M.A. (2022). How leader-member exchange affects job embeddedness and job dedication through employee advocacy. J. Hosp. Tour. Insights. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-08-2021-0230.
Albannai, N. A. A., Raziq, M. M., Bani-Melhem, S., & Moazzam, M. (2025). Digital leadership in the age of generative AI: a systematic literature review using thematic analysis. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-05-2025-0328
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 411.
Avolio, B. J., Kahai, S., & Dodge, G. E. (2014). E-leadership: Implications for theory, research, and practice. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 615–668.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
Bella, N. N. S. O. (2022). The effect of communication style and non verbal communication of leader on employee performance. COMMENTATE: Journal of Communication Management, 3(2), 136–150.
Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O. A., Pavlou, P. A., & Venkatraman, N. (2013). Digital business strategy: Toward a next generation of insights. MIS Quarterly, 37(2), 471–482.
Bolte, S., Dehmer, J., Niemann, J. (2018). Digital Leadership 4.0. Acta Technica Napocensis, 61, 637–646.
Borah, P. S., Iqbal, S., & Akhtar, S. (2022). Linking social media usage and SME's sustainable performance: The role of digital leadership and innovation capabilities, Technology in Society, 68, 101900, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101900.
Borowska, G. (2019). Digital leadership for digital transformation. Contemporary Economy Electronic Scientific Journal, 10 (4), 11–19, DOI: 10.26881/wg.2019.4.02.
Bouzari, M., Karatepe, O.M., (2018). Antecedents and outcomes of job insecurity among salespeople. Mark. Intell. Plan. 36 (2), 290–302.
Buhalis, D., & Leung, R. (2018). Smart hospitality—Interconnectivity and interoperability towards an ecosystem. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 71, 41–50.
Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Canterino, F., Cirella, S., Piccoli, B., & Shani, A. B. (2020). Leadership and change mobilization: The mediating role of distributed leadership. Journal of Business Research, 108, 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.052.
Chang, M., Walimuni, A. C., Kim, M. C., & Lim, H. S. (2022). Acceptance of tourism blockchain based on UTAUT and connectivism theory. Technology in Society, 71, 102027, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102027.
Chen, C.C., Zou, S.(S.), Chen, M.-H. (2022). The fear of being infected and fired: examining the dual job stressors hospitality employees during COVID-19. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 102, 103131.
Chirumbolo, A., Callea, A., Urbini, F., (2020). Job insecurity and performance in public and private sectors: a moderated mediation model. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance. 7 (2), 237–253.
Choe, J. Y., Kim, J. J., & Hwang, J. (2022). Innovative robotic restaurants in Korea: merging a technology acceptance model and theory of planned behaviour. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 30(2), 466-489, DOI: 0.1080/19761597.2021.2005466
Cordes, C.L., & Dougherty, T.W. (1993). A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Acad. Manag. Rev. 18 (4), 621–656, https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1993.9402210153.
Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E., & Zampieri, R. (2019). The role of leadership in a digitalized world: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938.
Cui, J. (2025). Impact of Team Learning Orientation and Team Agility on Corporate GHRM Transformation: The Mediating Role of Digital Leadership. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5217403 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5217403.
Currie, R. A., Lee, J., Min, H., & Jex, S. M. (2023). Special privileges or busywork? The impact of qualitative job insecurity on idiosyncratic deals and illegitimate tasks among hospitality workers. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 113, 103513.
Darvishmotevali, M., Arasli, H., Kilic, H. (2017). Effect of job insecurity on frontline employees’ performance: looking through the leans of psychological strains and leverages. Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag. 29 (6), 1724–1744.
Darvishmotevali, M., Kim, S. S., & Ning, H. (2024). The impact of quantitative and qualitative job insecurity on employees’ mental health and critical work-related performance: Exploring the role of employability and gender differences. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 116, 103629.
Davis, F. D. (1986). A Technology Acceptance Model for Empirically Testing New End-User Information Systems: Theory and Results. Doctoral dissertation, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340.
De Cuyper, N., Baillien, E. and De Witte, H. (2009). Job insecurity, perceived employability and targets’ and perpetrators’ experiences of workplace bullying, Work and Stress, 23(3), 206-224.
De Waal, B., Van Outvorst, F., & Ravesteyn, P. (2016). Digital leadership: The objective – subjective dichotomy of technology revisited, 12th European Conference on Management Leadership and Governance (52–61), Bucharest, Romania
De Witte, H., De Cuyper, N., Handaja, Y., Sverke, M., N¨aswall, K., Hellgren, J. (2010). Associations between quantitative and qualitative job insecurity and well-being. Int. Stud. Manag. Organ. 40 (1), 40–56.
Debasa, F., Gelashvili, V., Martínez-Navalón, J. G., & Saura, J. R. (2023). Do stress and anxiety influence users' intention to make restaurant reservations through mobile apps? European Research on Management and Business Economics, 29(1), 100205, DOI: 10.1016/j.iedeen.2022.100205.
Dedeoğlu, T., Özdevecioğlu, M., & Oflazer, S. (2016). Örgütlerde İşe Gömülmüşlüğün (Job Embededness) Çalışanların İş Ve Yaşam Kalitesi Üzerindeki Etkisi: İyimserliğin Rolü, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 47, 135-146.
Disztinger, P., Schlögl, S., Groth, A. (2017). Technology Acceptance of Virtual Reality for Travel Planning. In: Schegg, R., Stangl, B. (eds) Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2017. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51168-9_19.
Do, H. N., Shih, W., & Ha, Q. A. (2020). Effects of mobile augmented reality apps on impulse buying behavior: An investigation in the tourism field. Heliyon, 6(8), e04667, DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04667.
Eberl, J.K., & Drews, P. (2021). Digital Leadership ‒ Mountain or Molehill? A Literature Review. In: Ahlemann, F., Schütte, R., Stieglitz, S. (eds) Innovation Through Information Systems. WI 2021. Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation, Cilt 48. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86800-0_17.
El Chaarani, H., Nemar, S. E., Vrontis, D., Arnaout, B., & Siachou, E. (2022). Digitalisation, SMEs' performance and employee wellbeing in the era of Covid-19: digital leadership as a moderator. European Journal of International Management, 1(1), 1.
El Sawy, O. A., Kræmmergaard, P., Amsinck, H., & Vinther, A. L. (2016). How LEGO built the foundations and enterprise capabilities for digital leadership. MIS Quarterly Executive, 15(2), 141–166.
Ertiö, T., Eriksson, T., Rowan, W., & McCarthy, S. (2024). The role of digital leaders’ emotional intelligence in mitigating employee technostress. Business Horizons, 67(4), 399-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.03.004.
Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage.
Ford, J. D., Ford, L. W., & Polin, B. (2021). Leadership in the implementation of change: Functions, sources, and requisite variety. Journal of Change Management, 21(1), 87–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1861697.
Gierlich-Joas, M., Hess, T., & Neuburger, R. (2020). More self-organization, more control—or even both? Inverse transparency as a digital leadership concept. Business Research, 13, 921–947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-020-00130-0.
Go, H., Kang, M., & Suh, S. C. (2020). Machine learning of robots in tourism and hospitality: interactive technology acceptance model (iTAM)–cutting edge. Tourism review, 75(4), 625-636, DOI 10.1108/TR-02-2019-0062.
Gowing, M.K., Kraft, J.D., & Campbell Quick, J. (Eds). (1998). The new organizational reality: Downsizing, restructuring, and revitalization. Washington, DC. American Psychological Association, https://doi.org/10.1037/10252-000.
Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: toward conceptual clarity. Acad. Manag. Rev. 9 (3), 438–448, https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4279673.
Gupta, A., Dogra, N., & George, B. (2018). What determines tourist adoption of smartphone apps? An analysis based on the UTAUT-2 framework. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 9(1), 50-64, https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-02-2017-0013.
Hair, F.J. Jr, Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L. & Kuppelwieser, G.V. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): an emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121.
Ham, S., Kim, W. G., & Forsythe, H. W. (2008). Restaurant employees' technology use intention: Validating technology acceptance model with external factors. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 17(1-2), 78-98, https://doi.org/10.1080/10507050801978422.
Hartley, J., Jacobson, D., Klandermans, B., & van Vuuren, T. (1991). Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk. London: Sage.
Hayes, A.F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, The Guilford Press, New York.
Hellgren, J., Sverke, M., & Isaksson, K. (1999) A Twodimensional Approach to Job Insecurity: Consequences for Employee Attitudes and Wellbeing, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 179-195, DOI:10.1080/135943299398311.
Hobfoll, S.E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J.-P., Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: the reality of resources and their consequences. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 5, 103–128.
Howard, A. (1995). The changing nature of work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Huang, G.-H, Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Long, L. (2021). Job insecurity, commitment and proactivity towards the organization and one’s career: age as a condition. Hum. Resour. Manag. J. 31, 532–552.
Huang, Y. C., Backman, S. J., Backman, K. F., & Moore, D. (2013). Exploring user acceptance of 3D virtual worlds in travel and tourism marketing. Tourism Management, 36, 490-501, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.009.
Huang, Y. C., Li, L. N., Lee, H. Y., Browning, M. H., & Yu, C. P. (2023). Surfing in virtual reality: An application of extended technology acceptance model with flow theory. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 9, 100252.
Ivanov, S. & Webster, C. (2018). Adoption of robots, artificial intelligence and service automation by travel, tourism and hospitality companies – a cost-benefi t analysis. V. Marinov, M. Vodenska, M. Assenova & E. Dogramadjieva (Ed.) Traditions and Innovations in Contemporary Tourism. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 109-203, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3007577.
Ivanov, S., & Webster, C. (2019). Conceptual framework of the use of robots, artificial intelligence and service automation in travel, tourism and hospitality companies. Robonomics: The Journal of the Automated Economy, 1, 1–19.
Ivanov, S., & Webster, C. (Eds.). (2019). Robots, artificial intelligence and service automation in travel, tourism and hospitality. Emerald Group Publishing.
Ivanov, S., Webster, C., & Seyyedi, P. (2018). Consumers' attitudes towards the introduction of robots in accommodation establishments. Tourism, 63(3), 302-317, https://hrcak.srce.hr/206163.
Jain, A.K., Giga, S.I., Cooper, C.L. (2013). Perceived organizational support as a moderator in the relationship between organizational stressors and organizational citizenship behaviors. Int. J. Organ. Anal. 21 (3), 313–334
Jung, J., Park, E., Moon, J., & Lee, W. S. (2021b). Exploration of sharing accommodation platform airbnb using an extended technology acceptance model. Sustainability, 13(3), 1185, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031185.
Kamboj, S., & Joshi, R. (2021). Examining the factors influencing smartphone apps use at tourism destinations: a UTAUT model perspective. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 7(1), 135-157, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-05-2020-0094.
Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A. N., Kiron, D., & Buckley, N. (2015). Strategy, not technology, drives digital transformation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 14(1), 1–25.
Kao, W. K., & Huang, Y. S. S. (2023). Service robots in full-and limited-service restaurants: Extending technology acceptance model. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 54, 10-21.
Karatepe, O.M. (2013). The effects of work overload and work-family conflict on job embeddedness and job performance: the mediation of emotional exhaustion. Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag. 25 (4), 614–634.
Karatepe, O.M., Rezapouraghdam, H., Hassannia, R. (2020). Job insecurity, work engagement and their effects on hotel employees’ non-green and nonattendance behaviors. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 87, 102472.
Khan, A.K., Khalid, M., Abbas, N., Khalid, S. (2022). COVID-19-related job insecurity and employees’ behavioral outcomes: mediating role of emotional exhaustion and moderating role of symmetrical internal communication. Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag, 34(7), 2496-2515.
Khawaja, K.F., Sarfraz, M., Rashid, M. and Rashid, M. (2022). How is COVID-19 pandemic causing employee withdrawal behavior in the hospitality industry? An empirical investigation, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 5(3), 687-706. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-01-2021-0002.
Kim, T. G., Lee, J. H., & Law, R. (2008). An empirical examination of the acceptance behaviour of hotel front office systems: An extended technology acceptance model. Tourism management, 29(3), 500-513, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.016.
Kurtessis, J.N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M.T., Buffardi, L.C., Stewart, K.A., Adis, C.S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: a meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. J. Manag. 43 (6), 1854–1884.
Kuşluvan, H., Akova, O., Kuşluvan, S. (2022). Occupational stigma and career commitment: testing mediation and moderation effects of occupational self-esteem. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 102, 103149.
Laine, M., van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., Wickstro¨m, G., Hasselhorn, H.-M. and Tackenberg, P. (2009), “Job insecurity and intent to leave the nursing profession in Europe”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(2), 420-438.
Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Lee, S. J., & Jing, D. (2015). Use intentions of mobile tour apps through expansion of the technology acceptance model. Journal of Distribution Science, 13(10), 135-142, https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.13.10.201510.135.
Leue, M., tom-Dieck, D. and Jung, T. (2014). A Theoretical Model of Augmented Reality Acceptance, e-Review of Tourism Research, 5(1), 1-5, https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/600496.
Li, W., Liu, K., Belitski, M., Ghobadian, A., & O’Regan, N. (2016). e-Leadership through strategic alignment: An empirical study of small- and medium-sized enterprises in the digital age. Journal of Information Technology, 31(2), 185–206.
Lim, W. M. (2009). Alternative models framing UK independent hoteliers’ adoption of technology, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(5), 610-618, DOI 10.1108/09596110910967836.
Long, L. R., Tu, Y., Wang, H. J., & Jiang, L. (2022). The content of the threat matters: the differential effects of quantitative and qualitative job insecurity on different types of employee motivation. Journal of Business and Psychology, 37(2), 297-310.
Lu, L., Zhao, J., & Chen, H. (2024). Investigating OTA employees’ double-edged perceptions of ChatGPT: The moderating role of organizational support. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 120, 103753.
Malhotra, N. K. (2004). Marketing Research an Applied Orientation, 4. Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Malhotra, N.K., & Dash, S. (2011). Marketing research: An applied orientation (6th ed.). New Delhi: Pearson Publications
Mathew, V., & Soliman, M. (2021). Does digital content marketing affect tourism consumer behavior? An extension of t echnology acceptance model. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20(1), 61-75, https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1854.
Meier, C., Sachs, S., Stutz, C., & McSorley, V. (2017). Establishing a digital leadership barometer for small and medium enterprises (SME). In Management challenges in a network economy: Proceedings of the MakeLearn and TIIM International Conference 2017 (103-109). ToKnowPress.
Morosan, C. (2012). Theoretical and empirical considerations of guests’ perceptions of biometric systems in hotels: Extending the technology acceptance model. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 36(1), 52-84, https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348010380601.
Muchran, B. L., Muchriana, M., & Muchriad, M. (2017). The Influence of Leader Communication Skills on Employee Performance and Motivation as a Moderating Variable in the Tourism Industry. Journal of Culture, Society and Development, 36, 40-43.
Oh, S, Lehto, X. Y., & Park, J. (2009) Travelers' Intent to Use Mobile Technologies as a Function of Effort and Performance Expectancy, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18:8, 765-781, DOI: 10.1080/19368620903235795.
Onyeneke, G. B., & Abe, T. (2021). The effect of change leadership on employee attitudinal support for planned organizational change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 34(2), 403–415. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-08-2020-0244.
Ooi, K. B., & Tan, G. W. H. (2016). Mobile technology acceptance model: An investigation using mobile users to explore smartphone credit card. Expert Systems with Applications, 59, 33-46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2016.04.015.
Oreg, S., & Berson, Y. (2019). Leaders’ impact on organizational change: Bridging theoretical and methodological chasms. Academy of Management Annals, 13(1), 272–307. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0138.
Özekici, Y. K. (2022). A literature review on tourism studies based on technology acceptance model (2000-2021). In L. Altinay, O. M. Karatepe, & M. Tuna (Eds.), Advances in managing tourism across continents (Vol. 2, pp. 1–14). USF M3 Publishing. https://www.doi.org/10.5038/9781955833080.
Palau-Saumell, R., Forgas-Coll, S., Sánchez-García, J., & Robres, E. (2019). User acceptance of mobile apps for restaurants: An expanded and extended UTAUT-2. Sustainability, 11(4), 1210, https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041210.
Park, J., & Min, H. K., (2020). Turnover intention in the hospitality industry: a metaanalysis. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 90, 102599, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102599.
Pinillos, R., Marcos, S., Feliz, R., Zalama, E., & Gómez-García-Bermejo, J. (2016). Long-term assessment of a service robot in a hotel environment. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 79, 40–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2016.01.014.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717-731.
Quan, W., Moon, H., Kim, S. S., & Han, H. (2023). Mobile, traditional, and cryptocurrency payments influence consumer trust, attitude, and destination choice: Chinese versus Koreans. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 108, 103363, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103363.
Rahimizhian, S., Ozturen, A., & Ilkan, M. (2020). Emerging realm of 360-degree technology to promote tourism destination. Technology in Society, 63, 101411, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101411.
Rahimnia, F., Eslami, G., Nosrati, S. (2019). Investigating the mediating role of job embeddedness: evidence of Iranian context. Pers. Rev. 48 (3), 614–630, https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-11-2017-0348.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: a review of the literature. J. Appl. Psychol. 87 (4), 698–714.
Ronaghi, M. H., & Ronaghi, M. (2022). A contextualized study of the usage of the augmented reality technology in the tourism industry. Decision Analytics Journal, 5, 100136.
Rudito, P., & Sinaga, M. (2017). Digital Mastery: Membangun kepemimpinan digital untuk memenangkan era disrupsi. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Sadiq, M., & Adil, M. (2021). Ecotourism related search for information over the internet: A technology acceptance model perspective. Journal of Ecotourism, 20(1), 70-88, https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2020.1785480.
Safavi, H.P., Karatepe, O.M. (2019). The effect of job insecurity on employees’ job outcomes: the mediating role of job embeddedness. J. Manag. Dev. 38 (4), 288–297, https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-01-2018-0004.
Sahli, A. B. (2015). Revisiting Perceived Risk and Trust in E-tourism Context: Toward an Extended Technology Acceptance Model, Journal of Marketing Research and Case Studies, 2015 (2015), Article ID 516086, DOI: 10.5171/2015.516086.
Sahli, A. B., & Legoherel, P. (2016). The tourism web acceptance model: A study of intention to book tourism products online. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 22(2), 179-194, https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766715607589.
Santalla-Banderali, Z., & Alvarado, J. M. (2022). Incidence of leader–member exchange quality, communication satisfaction, and employee work engagement on self- evaluated work performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148761.
Schwarzmüller, T., Brosi, P., Duman, D., & Welpe, I. M. (2018). How does the digital transformation affect organizations? Key themes of change in work design and leadership. Management Revue, 29(2), 114–138.
Sencer, M. (1989). Toplumbilimlerinde Yöntem. İstanbul: Beta Basım
Setiyowati, N., Razak, A. Z. B. A., Pambudi, K. S., Fatmawiyati, J., Zahra, G. A., Hotifah, Y., & Azri, A. N. (2026). Linking communication to work performance: Perceived digital leadership as a mediator for university lecturers. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 13, 102620.
Singh, S., & Srivastava, P. (2019). Social media for outbound leisure travel: a framework based on technology acceptance model (TAM). Journal of Tourism Futures, 5(1), 43-61, https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-10-2018-0058.
tom Dieck, M. C., & Jung, T. (2018). A theoretical model of mobile augmented reality acceptance in urban heritage tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(2), 154-174, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1070801.
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. (2000). A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186-204.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M., Davis, G., & Davis, F. (2003). User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425-478.
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., & Xu, X. (2012). Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information Technology: Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), 157-178.
Verhoef, P.C., Broekhuizen, T. Bart, Y. Bhattacharya, A., Dong, J.Q., Fabian, N., Haenlein, M. (2021). Digital transformation: A multidisciplinary reflection and research agenda, Journal of Business Research, 122, 889–901.
Vo-Thanh, T., Vu, T.-V., Nguyen, N.P., Van Nguyen, D., Zaman, M., Chi, H., (2022). COVID-19, frontline hotel employees’ perceived job insecurity and emotional exhaustion: does trade union support matter? J. Sustain. Tour. 30 (6), 1159–1176.
Weill, P., & Ross, J. (2009). IT Savvy: What Top Executives Must Know to Go from Pain to Gain, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Widyaputri, P., & Sary, F. P. (2022). Digital leadership and organizational communication toward millennial employees in a telecommunication company. Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review, 6(4), 157–167.
Wikaningrum, T., Udin, & Yuniawan, A. (2018). The relationships among leadership styles, communication skills, and employee satisfaction: A study on equal employment opportunity in leadership. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, 13(1), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.24052/jbrmr/v13is01/art-14.
Wu, T. J., Li, J. M., & Wu, Y. J. (2022). Employees' job insecurity perception and unsafe behaviours in human–machine collaboration. Management Decision, 60(9), 2409-2432.
Wulandari, N. (2017). Cashless Payment in Tourism. An Application of Technology Acceptance Model. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, (Volume VIII, Winter), 8(24): 1562-1565. DOI:10.14505/jemt.v8.8(24).11.
Yan, J., Kim, S., Zhang, S.X., Foo, M.-D., Alvarez-R, A., Del-Aguila-Arcentales, S., Y´anez, J.A. (2021). Hospitality workers’ COVID-19 risk perception and depression: a contingent model based on transactional theory of stress model. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 95, 102935.
Yıldırım, B. A., & Börü, D. E. (2023). The Effect of Technological Stress Dimensions on Employees' Decision-Making Styles and Regulatory Role of Job Insecurity Perception: A Research in The Aviation Sector. Journal of Aviation, 7(1), 39-54, https://doi.org/10.30518/jav.1180461.
Yayınlanmış
Sayı
Bölüm
Lisans
Telif Hakkı (c) 2026 Turizm & Gastronomi Çalışmaları Dergisi
Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
